System and method for patterned encoded halftoning

ABSTRACT

A preferred embodiment reproduces an image by receiving an input contone array of M contone data values. The contone data values may lie within a range from 1 to N. The embodiment includes comparing each contone data value to an array of M sets of pattern look-up tables to generate an array of M pattern values. M may be a number of one or more. Each pattern value in the array of M pattern values may be decoded to a corresponding K by L multi-pixel pattern of binary data. The binary data is rendered by a reprographic device.

The present application relates generally to digital document productionequipment.

BACKGROUND

Digital printers commonly provide a limited number of outputpossibilities, and are commonly binary, i.e., they produce either a dotor no dot at a given pixel location. Thus, given a color separation with256 shades of a subtractive primary color, a set of binary printersignals is produced to approximate the continuous tone (contone) effect.This process is referred to as halftoning.

In such arrangements, over a given area and the separation having anumber of contone pixels therein, each pixel value of an array ofcontone pixels within the area is compared to one of a set ofpreselected thresholds (the thresholds may be stored as a dither matrixand the repetitive pattern generated by this matrix is considered ahalftone cell) as taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,194 toHolladay, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Theeffect of such an arrangement is that, for an area where the image is acontone, some of the thresholds in the matrix will be exceeded, i.e.,the image value at that specific location is larger than the valuestored in the dither matrix for that same location, while others arenot.

In the binary case, the pixels or cell elements for which the thresholdsare exceeded might be printed as black or some color, while theremaining elements are allowed to remain white or uncolored, dependenton the actual physical quantity described by the data. Since the humanvisual system tends to average out rapidly varying spatial patterns andperceives only a spatial average of the micro-variation in spot-colorproduced by a printer, the halftone process described above can be usedto produce a close approximation to the desired color in the contoneinput.

Generally, the resulting binary data is at a higher resolution relativeto the input contone data. For example, an iGen3® printer made by Xerox®Corporation may receive 600×600×8 contone data from the controller andsend a 4800×600×1 binary (halftoned) data to the raster output scanner(ROS). Other model engines also may expect 600×600×8 data, and thehalftoning modules produce 2400×2400×1 binary patterns.

The dither matrix of threshold values is often referred to as a Holladayhalftone dot or “screen,” and the process of generating the binary imagefrom the contone image using the screen is called halftoning or“screening.”

Halftone screens are typically two-dimensional threshold arrays and arerelatively small in comparison to the overall image or document to beprinted. Therefore, the screening process uses an identical halftonescreen repeated for each color separation in a manner similar to tiling.The output of the screening process, using a single-cell halftone dot,includes a binary pattern of multiple small arrays (i.e., “dots”), whichare regularly spaced, and is determined by the size and the shape of thehalftone screen. In other words, the screening output, as atwo-dimensionally repeated pattern, possesses at least two fundamentalspatial frequencies, which are completely defined by the geometry of thehalftone screen.

Color printers, due to memory constraints, often have only a fewpreconfigured screens. A printer controller may have the capability tochange between these screens at a page boundary or within a page on anobject-tag basis. However, the controller cannot configure the engine touse a different screen that may be more appropriate for a particularapplication. Thus, the user is limited to use the predefined imagescreens, even though another screen (not predefined) may be moreappropriate for the imaging application. As a result, the imagerendering may be sub-optimal.

SUMMARY

A preferred embodiment reproduces an image by receiving an input contonearray of M contone data values. The contone data values may lie within arange from 1 to N. The embodiment includes comparing each contone datavalue to an array of M sets of pattern look-up tables to generate anarray of M pattern values. M may be a number of one or more. Eachpattern value in the array of M pattern values may be decoded to acorresponding K by L multi-pixel pattern of binary data. The binary datais rendered by a reprographic device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows exemplary, conventional SRE codes.

FIG. 2 shows a conventional Holladay dot.

FIG. 3 illustrates a conventional system using a Holladay dot forscreening.

FIG. 4 illustrates an SRE halftoning system, in accordance with apreferred embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary SRE dot based upon a Holladay dot, inaccordance with a preferred embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary operation of an SRE halftoning system on asingle contone data value, in accordance with a preferred embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An embodiment described below provides a super-resolution encoded(SRE)halftoning system having super-resolution encoding (SRE)/decoding(SRD)capabilities to allow a user to bypass the pre-programmed screensof a printer and achieve the desired image rendering. In particular, apreferred embodiment provides an SRE halftoning engine and SRD modulethat enables conventional SRE codes to be used in a novel way asbuilding blocks for construction of binary halftone patterns. The SREhalftoning engine utilizes the SRE dot disclosed in co-pending patentapplication Ser. No. 11/443,016, entitled “System and Method forCreating Patterned Encoded Halftones,” by J. McElvain et al. filed onMay 31, 2006, herewith, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

For an 8-bit code specification, there are as many as 256 unique SREcodes, each of which result in a different 3 by 3 bit pattern to berendered. FIG. 1 shows a few exemplary SRE codes. Pattern 110 representsan SRE code of “001.” Similarly, patterns 120, 130, 140 and 150represent the SRE codes of “064,” “136,” “223,” and “254,” respectively.Although the codes can refer to a 4×4 bit pattern on one particularmarking device, on other devices these codes may include various sizesor dimensions, such as 2×2 or 1×8. Conventionally, SRE patterns havebeen used in printers with SRE/SRD capabilities to improve rendering ofedges and corners when used in conjunction with techniques such asanti-aliasing. During implementation, a printer with SRE/SRDcapabilities would recognize an edge or corner of an image to bereproduced and select one of the SRE patterns for image rendering mostsimilar to the edge to be rendered. For example, at an edge of an imagethat contains a diagonal line, a conventional printer with SRE/SRDcapabilities may select pattern 130, which represents SRE code 136.

The exemplary embodiment describes a method for providing 2400×2400rendering using a 600×600 SRE halftone description to enable printing ofSRE halftones on engines that support SRE/SRD. However, the techniquesdescribed herein may be applied in other contexts. For example, alibrary of other multipixel patterns having a different pattern size ofconventional SRE/SRD codes may be used in accordance with the techniquesdisclosed herein.

As described above, a preferred embodiment enables SRE patterns to beused as building blocks for 2400 dpi halftone construction, whose growthcharacteristics are similar to traditional halftones specified at higherresolutions. In particular, the preferred embodiment utilizes a new SREhalftone dot description, defined in co-pending patent application Ser.No. 11/443,016, entitled “System and Method for Creating PatternedEncoded Halftones,” by J. McElvain et al. filed on May 31, 2006herewith, for halftoning in a manner analogous to Holladay thresholdbased design.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary Holladay dot. As shown in FIG. 2, the sizefield or number of elements 210 in a Holladay dot 200 is 72. A heightfield 220 of Holladay dot 200 is 6, indicating the dot has 6 rows.Indeed, in this example, Holladay dot 200 has a matrix of elements 250that is 6 rows by 12 columns, giving it a size of 72 elements as shownin size field 210. Shift field 230 indicates the amount to offset aHolladay dot (sometimes called a “brick”) at subsequent rows. A Holladaybrick is placed across a page for each corresponding sub-array of pixelsof contone data, similar to tiling. In this example, shift field 230 hasa value of 6, indicating that the second row of Holladay bricks will beshifted 6 units to the left from the beginning of the first row.

Matrix of elements 250 determines the pattern of small dots to representeach incoming corresponding group of pixels of the contone image. Eachelement 240 is a predetermined threshold level that will be comparedwith the contone data to determine whether a corresponding dot should beprinted.

FIG. 3 illustrates a conventional system using a Holladay dot forscreening. System 300 includes an input contone image 310. Contone image310 includes 600×600×8 contone data. Thus, each pixel of contone image310 is an 8-bit data unit, representing a gray level from 0-255.However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that contoneimage 310 may include data of any size or dimensions.

Halftoner 320 renders intensity or lightness levels by converting theincoming continuous tone image 310 to a halftone image 330. A halftonerepresentation is an approximation of an original image that uses aseries of carefully placed dots to create an appearance of continuoustones when viewed from a normal viewing distance. The halftone data iswritten as binary patterns (dot/no dot) onto a photoreceptor 340 of aprinter, such as a production level color xerographic printer. Theresulting halftoned image has a binary pattern at a higher resolutionthan the contone data.

Halftoner 320 uses a particular Holladay dot for rendering the halftonedata. For example, upon receipt of an 8-bit pixel of contone data havinga gray level of “37,” halftoner 320 compares the raw data to eachelement 240 within matrix 250 of Holladay dot 200 and writes a patternto photoreceptor 340 accordingly. In particular, halftoner 320 prints adot at each pixel that threshold level 240 gray level “37” exceeds andwould not print a dot (e.g., leave paper uncolored) at each pixel thatthreshold level 240 gray level “37” does not exceed.

Referring to FIG. 2 for a gray level of “37,” halftoner 320 would notplace a dot (e.g., leave paper uncolored) at the first element 240,because gray-level “37” does not exceed the threshold level 253 of thatelement. Continuing along the first row of Holladay dot 200, dots wouldnot be placed until reaching the sixth element, which has a value of 30(e.g., 37>30). Likewise, a dot would be placed at elements 240 havingthreshold levels of 9, 5, and 19, respectively, but would not be placedfor the last three elements of the row having threshold levels of 69,189 and 239.

Dots are printed for each row of matrix 250 based upon a comparison ofthe threshold values to the gray level as described above, therebyproducing a brick (e.g., halftoned data) for the gray-level “37.”

FIG. 4 illustrates an SRE halftoning system, in accordance with apreferred embodiment. SRE halftoning system 400 includes an SREhalftoner 420 and an SRD module 440. SRE halftoner 420 uses an SRE dotconstructed based upon a desired Holladay dot, such as Holladay dot 200,for encoding a contone image into an SRE halftoned image 430. In apreferred embodiment SRE halftoned image 430 has the same dimensions asthe original contone data 410. SRD module 440 decodes the SRE halftonedimage 430 into binary image 450. Binary data (dot/no dot) 450 is sent toa photoreceptor, such as photoreceptor 340.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary SRE dot based upon Holladay dot 200, inaccordance with a preferred embodiment. SRE dot 500 has a size field 510of “9,” a height field 520 of “3,” and a shift field 530 of “0.” Sizefield 510 indicates that SRE dot 500 has 9 SRE pixels. Similarly, heightfield 520 indicates that SRE dot 500 has 3 rows. A value of “0” in shiftfield 530 indicates that SRE dot 500 is not shifted to the left by anyamount on a subsequent row, as SRE bricks are placed across a page andonto subsequent rows in a manner similar to tiling.

A list of thresholds 540 and a list of corresponding SRE codes 550associated with the thresholds is provided for each of the 9 pixels ofSRE dot 500. For each SRE pixel, a list of threshold values 540 andcorresponding SRE codes 550 is created to represent Holladay dot 200.For example, threshold values/SRE codes for an upper left pixel of SREdot 500 is provided at 542. Similarly, threshold values/SRE codes for anupper center pixel of SRE dot 500 is provided at 544. Array 546corresponds to an upper right pixel of SRE dot 500, and array 548corresponds to the center left pixel of replicated SRE dot 500.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the system is notlimited to any particular arrangement of pixels within SRE dot 500.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary operation of an SRE halftoning system on asingle contone data value, in accordance with a preferred embodiment.Each block 610 represents an SRE pixel (e.g., 542, 544, 546) of SRE dot500. Further, each block 610 contains an output of binary data (dot/nodot) 450 from the SRD module 440 in accordance for a particular SRE codeselected by the SRE halftoning module. Dot 600 shows binary dataschematically illustrated for a contone level of “37.”

For example, referring to FIG. 5 at pixel 542, row 540 of contone levelsdoes not have an entry “37” or below. Thus, the SRE code for pixel 542is “0.” As shown in FIG. 6, block 630 shows SRE code “0” decoded by SRDmodule as binary data. No dots have been placed in block 630.

Referring to pixel 544, a comparison of the input contone data level“37” to a row of contone levels 560 shows that “37” is greater than“23,” but less than the next level of “48.” Thus, a level of “23” isselected and the corresponding SRE code in the list of threshold values570 is “7.” The SRE code of 7 is selected by the SRE halftoner andplaced in an encoded array of pattern values for the contone level of“37.” The SRD module receives the encoded array and decodes each encodedpattern code into a pattern of binary data. Pixel 640 illustrates thedecoding of SRE code “7” by the SRD module.

Similarly, referring to pixel 546, an SRE halftoner compares inputcontone data level “37” to a row of contone levels 580 and selects thefirst element in the array, which is “37.” The corresponding SRE codeshown in the list of threshold values 590 is “1.” The SRE code of 1 isselected by the SRE halftoner and placed in an encoded array of patternvalues for the contone level of “37.” In this example, there are 9encoded pattern values for a contone level. SRD module receives theencoded array and decodes each encoded pattern code into a pattern ofbinary data. Pixel 610 illustrates the decoding of SRE code “1” by theSRD module.

It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and otherfeatures and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirablycombined into many other different systems or applications. Also thatvarious presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives,modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequentlymade by those skilled in the art which are also intended to beencompassed by the following claims.

1. A method for reproducing an image in super resolution, comprising:receiving an input contone array of M contone data values, the contonedata values being within a range from 1 to N; comparing each contonedata value to an array of M sets of pattern look-up tables to generatean array of M pattern values, wherein M is one or more and the M sets ofpattern look-up tables include intensity threshold levels andcorresponding super resolution codes, each lookup table corresponding toa halftone screen divided into a plurality of pixels, each pixelcomprising a K by L multi-pixel sub-pattern comprising a halftonepattern, wherein each super resolution code is associated with one ofthe K by L sub-patterns of binary data of the halftone screen; decodingeach pattern value to corresponding K by L multi-pixel sub-patterns ofbinary data associated with the super-resolution codes to generate ahalftone screen; and reproducing the binary data using the generatedhalftone screen.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the K by Lmulti-pixel pattern is a pattern in a library of patterns.
 3. The methodof claim 1, wherein comparing includes identifying a threshold level thecontone data level does not exceed and an associated pattern value ateach set of pattern look up tables.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe K by L multi-pixel pattern of binary data is 4 by
 4. 5. The methodof claim 1, wherein the K by L multi-pixel pattern of binary data is 2by
 2. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the K by L multi-pixel patternof binary data is 1 by
 8. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the halftonescreen is a Holladay dot.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the Holladaydot includes a size field, a height field, and a shift field.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the input contone array corresponds to apixel of the image.
 10. A system for reproducing an image in superresolution, comprising: a halftoner configured to: receive an inputcontone array of M contone data values, the contone data values beingwithin a range from 1 to N, and compare each contone data value to anarray of M sets of pattern look-up tables to generate an array of Mpattern values, wherein M is one or more and the M sets of patternlook-up tables include intensity threshold levels and correspondingsuper resolution codes, each lookup table corresponding to a halftonescreen divided into a plurality of pixels, each pixel comprising a K byL multi-pixel sub-pattern comprising a halftone pattern, wherein eachsuper resolution code is associated with one of the K by L sub-patternsof the halftone screen; and a decoder module for decoding each patternvalue to corresponding K by L multi-pixel sub-patterns of binary dataassociated with the super-resolution codes to generate a halftonescreen.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the K by L multi-pixelpattern is a pattern in a library of patterns.
 12. The system of claim10, wherein the halftoner identifies a threshold level the contone datalevel does not exceed and an associated pattern value at each set ofpattern look up tables.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the K by Lmulti-pixel pattern of binary data is 4 by
 4. 14. The system of claim10, wherein the K by L multi-pixel pattern of binary data is 2 by
 2. 15.The system of claim 10, wherein the K by L multi-pixel pattern of binarydata is 1 by
 8. 16. The system of claim 10, wherein the halftone screenis a Holladay dot.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the Holladay dotincludes a size field, a height field, and a shift field.
 18. The systemof claim 10, wherein the print engine includes a photoreceptor.
 19. Thesystem of claim 10, wherein the input contone array corresponds to apixel of the image.
 20. A computer readable media having stored thereoncomputer executable instructions, wherein the computer executableinstructions, when executed by a computer, directs a computer to performa method for reproducing an image in super resolution, the methodcomprising: receiving an input contone array of M contone data values,the contone data values being within a range from 1 to N; comparing eachcontone data value to an array of M sets of pattern look-up tables togenerate an array of M pattern values, wherein M is one or more and theM sets of pattern look-up tables include intensity threshold levels andcorresponding super resolution codes, each lookup table corresponding toa halftone screen divided into a plurality of pixels, each pixelcomprising a K by L multi-pixel sub-pattern comprising a halftonepattern, wherein each super resolution code is associated with one ofthe K by L sub-patterns of binary data of the halftone screen; anddecoding each pattern value to corresponding K by L multi-pixelsub-patterns of binary data associated with the super-resolution codesto generate a halftone screen; and reproducing the binary data using thegenerated halftone screen.